Exam 4: Reproduction and Immune System

Crafton College Exam 4 Study Guide

Hi students- For Exam 4, please know the following:

• Type of reproduction that is fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis
• How do cells divide in asexual reproduction
• Understand the term hermaphrodite
• Know how males and females are formed in other species
• Understand sex changes in species
• Know what is formed when a sperm and egg combine
• Understand the general size of an egg compared to sperm
• Understand that there are multiple steps to bind sperm with an egg
• Know why only one sperm fertilizes and egg
• How does a zygote turn into an embryo
• Know the steps of cell division in an embryo
• Know the definition of trophoblast
• Understand what the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm are
• Know what organogenesis is
• Understand that stem cells differentiate into the body part they need to become
• Know how males and females are differentiated in humans
• Definition of gonads
• Understand why human male testes have to be outside of the body
• Know what gonad produce in addition to sex cells (gametes)
• Know the role of the seminiferous tubules
• Understand the physiology of penis erection
• Understand prostate cancer
• Know the parts of the human female reproductive system
• Know what filters foreign particles out of the blood
• Know that your body will some foreign substances (like food)
• Understand that the skin is a barrier to many pathogens (it is dry, acidic, thick)
• Know that autoantibodies are made by your body and they fight your own body tissues and NOT outside infections (these are bad)
• Understand that immediate hypersensitivities can be seen in people who have allergic reactions to plants, foods, pet hair, etc. 
• Know that viruses attach to a cell receptors and inject their genetic material
• Know what is and what is not a living thing: virus, bacteria, algae
• Know how bacteria in the gut can be beneficial